Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production

Once your site is finished (or finished "enough" to start public testing) you're going to need to host it somewhere more public and accessible than your personal development computer.

Up to now you've been working in a development environment, using the Django development web server to share your site to the local browser/network, and running your website with (insecure) development settings that expose debug and other private information. Before you can host a website externally you're first going to have to:

• Make a few changes to your project settings.
• Choose an environment for hosting the Django app.
• Choose an environment for hosting any static files.
• Set up a production-level infrastructure for serving your website.

This tutorial provides some guidance on your options for choosing a hosting site, a brief overview of what you need to do in order to get your Django app ready for production, and a working example of how to install the LocalLibrary website onto the Railway cloud hosting service.

The production environment is the environment provided by the server computer where you will run your website for external consumption. The environment includes:

• Computer hardware on which the website runs.
• Operating system (e.g. Linux, Windows).
• Programming language runtime and framework libraries on top of which your website is written.
• Web server used to serve pages and other content (e.g. Nginx, Apache).
• Application server that passes "dynamic" requests between your Django website and the web server.
• Databases on which your website is dependent.

The server computer could be located on your premises and connected to the internet by a fast link, but it is far more common to use a computer that is hosted "in the cloud". What this actually means is that your code is run on some remote computer (or possibly a "virtual" computer) in your hosting company's data center(s). The remote server will usually offer some guaranteed level of computing resources (CPU, RAM, storage memory, etc.) and internet connectivity for a certain price.

This sort of remotely accessible computing/networking hardware is referred to as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Many IaaS vendors provide options to preinstall a particular operating system, onto which you must install the other components of your production environment. Other vendors allow you to select more fully-featured environments, perhaps including a complete Django and web-server setup.

Other hosting providers support Django as part of a Platform as a Service (PaaS) offering. In this sort of hosting you don't need to worry about most of your production environment (web server, application server, load balancers) as the host platform takes care of those for you — along with most of what you need to do in order to scale your application. That makes deployment quite easy, because you just need to concentrate on your web application and not all the other server infrastructure.

Some developers will choose the increased flexibility provided by IaaS over PaaS, while others will appreciate the reduced maintenance overhead and easier scaling of PaaS. When you're getting started, setting up your website on a PaaS system is much easier, and so that is what we'll do in this tutorial.

There are many hosting providers that are known to either actively support or work well with Django, including: Heroku, Digital Ocean, Railway, Python Anywhere, Amazon Web Services, Azure, Google Cloud, Hetzner, and Vultr Cloud Compute — to name just a few. These vendors provide different types of environments (IaaS, PaaS), and different levels of computing and network resources at different prices.

Some of the things to consider when choosing a host:

• How busy your site is likely to be and the cost of data and computing resources required to meet that demand.
• Level of support for scaling horizontally (adding more machines) and vertically (upgrading to more powerful machines) and the costs of doing so.
• Where the supplier has data centres, and hence where access is likely to be fastest.
• The host's historical uptime and downtime performance.
• Tools provided for managing the site — are they easy to use and are they secure (e.g. SFTP vs. FTP).
• Inbuilt frameworks for monitoring your server.
• Known limitations. Some hosts will deliberately block certain services (e.g. email). Others offer only a certain number of hours of "live time" in some price tiers, or only offer a small amount of storage.
• Additional benefits. Some providers will offer free domain names and support for TLS certificates that you would otherwise have to pay for.
• Whether the "free" tier you're relying on expires over time, and whether the cost of migrating to a more expensive tier means you would have been better off using some other service in the first place!

The good news when you're starting out is that there are quite a few sites that provide "free" computing environments that are intended for evaluation and testing. These are usually fairly resource constrained/limited environments, and you do need to be aware that they may expire after some introductory period or have other constraints. They are however great for testing low traffic sites in a hosted environment, and can provide an easy migration to paying for more resources when your site gets busier. Popular choices in this category include Vultr Cloud Compute, Python Anywhere, Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and so on.

Most providers also offer a "basic" tier that is intended for small production sites, and which provide more useful levels of computing power and fewer limitations. Railway, Heroku, and Digital Ocean are examples of popular hosting providers that have a relatively inexpensive basic computing tier (in the $5 to $10 USD per month range).

The Django skeleton website created using the django-admin and manage.py tools are configured to make development easier. Many of the Django project settings (specified in settings.py) should be different for production, either for security or performance reasons.

The critical settings that you must check are:

• DEBUG. This should be set as False in production (DEBUG = False). This stops the sensitive/confidential debug trace and variable information from being displayed.
• SECRET_KEY. This is a large random value used for CSRF protection, etc. It is important that the key used in production is not in source control or accessible outside the production server.

The Django documents suggest that secret information might best be loaded from an environment variable or read from a server-only file. Let's change the LocalLibrary application so that we read our SECRET_KEY and DEBUG variables from environment variables if they are defined, falling back to values defined in an .env file in the root, and lastly to using the default values in the configuration file. This is very flexible as it allows any configuration supported by the hosting server.

For reading environment values from a file we'll use python-dotenv. This is a library for reading key-value pairs out of a file and using them as environment variables, but only if the corresponding environment variable is not defined.

Install the library into your virtual environment as shown (and also update your requirements.txt file):

pip3 install python-dotenv

Then open /locallibrary/settings.py and insert the following code after BASE_DIR is defined, but before the security warning: # SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!

# Support env variables from .env file if defined
import os
from dotenv import load_dotenv
env_path = load_dotenv(os.path.join(BASE_DIR, '.env'))
load_dotenv(env_path)

This loads the .env file from the root of the web application. Variables defined as KEY=VALUE in the file are imported when the key is used in os.environ.get('<KEY>'', '<DEFAULT VALUE>'), if defined.

Next disable the original SECRET_KEY configuration and add the new lines as shown below. During development no environment variable will be specified for the key, so the default value will be used (it shouldn't matter what key you use here, or if the key "leaks", because you won't use it in production).

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
# SECRET_KEY = 'django-insecure-&psk#na5l=p3q8_a+-$4w1f^lt3lx1c@d*p4x$ymm_rn7pwb87'
import os
SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY', 'django-insecure-&psk#na5l=p3q8_a+-$4w1f^lt3lx1c@d*p4x$ymm_rn7pwb87')

Then comment out the existing DEBUG setting and add the new line shown below.

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
# DEBUG = True
DEBUG = os.environ.get('DJANGO_DEBUG', '') != 'False'

The value of the DEBUG will be True by default, but will only be False if the value of the DJANGO_DEBUG environment variable is set to False or DJANGO_DEBUG=False is set in the .env file. Please note that environment variables are strings and not Python types. We therefore need to compare strings. The only way to set the DEBUG variable to False is to actually set it to the string False.

You can set the environment variable to "False" on Linux by issuing the following command:

export DJANGO_DEBUG=False

A full checklist of settings you might want to change is provided in Deployment checklist (Django docs). You can also list a number of these using the terminal command below:

python3 manage.py check --deploy

Gunicorn

Gunicorn is a pure-Python HTTP server that is commonly used for serving Django WSGI applications.

While we don't need Gunicorn to serve our LocalLibrary application during development, we'll install it locally so that it becomes part of our requirements when the application is deployed.

First make sure that you're in the Python virtual environment that was created when you set up the development environment (use the workon [name-of-virtual-environment] command). Then install Gunicorn locally on the command line using pip:

pip3 install gunicorn

Database configuration

SQLite, the default Django database that you've been using for development, is a reasonable choice for small to medium websites. Unfortunately it cannot be used on some popular hosting services, such as Heroku, because they don't provide persistent data storage in the application environment (a requirement of SQLite). While that might not affect us for the example deployment(s), we'll show you another approach that will work on Railway, Heroku, and some other services.

The approach is to use a database that runs in its own process somewhere on the Internet, and is accessed by the Django library application using an address passed as an environment variable. In this case we'll use a Postgres database that is also hosted on Railway, but you could use any database hosting service you like.

The database connection information will be supplied to Django using an environment variable named DATABASE_URL. Rather than hard-coding this information into Django, we'll use the dj-database-url package to parse the DATABASE_URL environment variable and automatically convert it to Django's desired configuration format. In addition to installing the dj-database-url package we'll also need to install psycopg2, as Django needs this to interact with Postgres databases.

dj-database-url

dj-database-url is used to extract the Django database configuration from an environment variable.

Install it locally so that it becomes part of our requirements to set up on the deployment server:

pip3 install dj-database-url

settings.py

Open /locallibrary/settings.py and copy the following configuration into the bottom of the file:

# Update database configuration from $DATABASE_URL environment variable (if defined)
import dj_database_url

if 'DATABASE_URL' in os.environ:
    DATABASES['default'] = dj_database_url.config(
        conn_max_age=500,
        conn_health_checks=True,
    )

Django will now use the database configuration in DATABASE_URL if the environment variable is set; otherwise it uses the default SQLite database. The value conn_max_age=500 makes the connection persistent, which is far more efficient than recreating the connection on every request cycle (this is optional and can be removed if needed).

psycopg2

Django needs psycopg2 to work with Postgres databases. Install it locally so that it becomes part of our requirements for Railway to set up on the remote server:

pip3 install psycopg2-binary

Note that Django will use the SQLite database during development by default, unless DATABASE_URL is set. You can switch to Postgres completely and use the same hosted database for development and production by setting the same environment variable in your development environment (Railway makes it easy to use the same environment for production and development). Alternatively you can also install and use a self-hosted Postgres database on your local computer.

Serving static files in production

During development we use Django and the Django development web server to serve both our dynamic HTML and our static files (CSS, JavaScript, etc.). This is inefficient for static files, because the requests have to pass through Django even though Django doesn't do anything with them. While this doesn't matter during development, it would have a significant performance impact if we were to use the same approach in production.

In the production environment we typically separate the static files from the Django web application, making it easier to serve them directly from the web server or from a content delivery network (CDN).

The important setting variables are:

• STATIC_URL: This is the base URL location from which static files will be served, for example on a CDN.
• STATIC_ROOT: This is the absolute path to a directory where Django's collectstatic tool will gather any static files referenced in our templates. Once collected, these can then be uploaded as a group to wherever the files are to be hosted.
• STATICFILES_DIRS: This lists additional directories that Django's collectstatic tool should search for static files.

Django templates refer to static file locations relative to a static tag (you can see this in the base template defined in Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page), which in turn maps to the STATIC_URL setting. Static files can therefore be uploaded to any host and you can update your application to find them using this setting.

The collectstatic tool is used to collect static files into the folder defined by the STATIC_ROOT project setting. It is called with the following command:

python3 manage.py collectstatic

For this tutorial, collectstatic can be run before the application is uploaded, copying all the static files in the application to the location specified in STATIC_ROOT. Whitenoise then finds the files from the location defined by STATIC_ROOT (by default) and serves them at the base URL defined by STATIC_URL.

settings.py

Open /locallibrary/settings.py and copy the following configuration into the bottom of the file. The BASE_DIR should already have been defined in your file (the STATIC_URL may already have been defined within the file when it was created. While it will cause no harm, you might as well delete the duplicate previous reference).

# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/howto/static-files/

# The absolute path to the directory where collectstatic will collect static files for deployment.
STATIC_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'staticfiles'

# The URL to use when referring to static files (where they will be served from)
STATIC_URL = '/static/'

We'll actually do the file serving using a library called WhiteNoise, which we install and configure in the next section.

Whitenoise

There are many ways to serve static files in production (we saw the relevant Django settings in the previous sections). The WhiteNoise project provides one of the easiest methods for serving static assets directly from Gunicorn in production.

Check out WhiteNoise documentation for an explanation of how it works and why the implementation is a relatively efficient method for serving these files.

The steps to set up WhiteNoise to use with the project are given here (and reproduced below):

Install whitenoise

Install whitenoise locally using the following command:

pip3 install whitenoise

settings.py

To install WhiteNoise into your Django application, open /locallibrary/settings.py, find the MIDDLEWARE setting and add the WhiteNoiseMiddleware near the top of the list, just below the SecurityMiddleware:

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'whitenoise.middleware.WhiteNoiseMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

Optionally, you can reduce the size of the static files when they are served (this is more efficient). Just add the following to the bottom of /locallibrary/settings.py:

# Static file serving.
# https://whitenoise.readthedocs.io/en/stable/django.html#add-compression-and-caching-support
STORAGES = {
    # ...
    "staticfiles": {
        "BACKEND": "whitenoise.storage.CompressedManifestStaticFilesStorage",
    },
}

You don't need to do anything else to configure WhiteNoise because it uses your project settings for STATIC_ROOT and STATIC_URL by default.

Requirements

The Python requirements of your web application should be stored in a file requirements.txt in the root of your repository. Many hosting services will automatically install dependencies in this file (in others you have to do this yourself). You can create this file using pip on the command line (run the following in the repo root):

pip3 freeze > requirements.txt

After installing all the different dependencies above, your requirements.txt file should have at least these items listed (though the version numbers may be different). Please delete any other dependencies not listed below, unless you've explicitly added them for this application.

Django==5.0.2
dj-database-url==2.1.0
gunicorn==21.2.0
psycopg2-binary==2.9.9
wheel==0.38.1
whitenoise==6.6.0
python-dotenv==1.0.1

Many hosting services allow you to import and/or synchronize projects from a local repository or from cloud-based source version control platforms. This can make deployment and iterative development much easier.

You should already be using GitHub to store the local library source code (this was set up in Source code management with Git and GitHub as part of setting up your development environment.

This is a good point to make a backup of your "vanilla" project — while some of the changes we're going to be making in the following sections might be useful for deployment on any hosting service (or for development) others might not. Assuming you have already backed up all the changes made so far to the main branch on GitHub you can create a new branch to backup your changes as shown:

# Fetch the latest main branch
git checkout main
git pull origin main

# Create branch vanilla_deployment from the current branch (main)
git checkout -b vanilla_deployment

# Push the new branch to GitHub
git push origin vanilla_deployment

# Switch back to main
git checkout main

# Make any further changes in a new branch
git checkout -b my_changes_for_deployment # Create a new branch

This section provides a practical demonstration of how to host LocalLibrary on PythonAnywhere.

We are choosing to use PythonAnywhere for several reasons:

• PythonAnywhere has a free beginner plan that is really free, albeit with some limitations. The fact that it is affordable for all developers is really important to MDN!

  Note: This tutorial has been hosted on Heroku, Railway, and now PythonAnywhere, migrating when the previously free plans were discontinued. We've chosen PythonAnywhere because we think this plan is likely to remain free. We've kept the Railway example too, which is not free, for comparison, and because it allows us to more easily demonstrate features such as integration with a Postgres databases running on a different service.

• PythonAnywhere takes care of the infrastructure so you don't have to. Not having to worry about servers, load balancers, reverse proxies, and so on, makes it much easier to get started.
• The skills and concepts you will learn when using PythonAnywhere are transferrable.
• The service and plan limitations do not particularly impact us using PythonAnywhere for the tutorial. For example:
  • The beginner plan allows one web app at <your-username>.pythonanywhere.com, restricted outbound Internet access from your apps, low CPU/bandwidth, no IPython/Jupyter notebook support, no free Postgres database. But there is enough space for our basic site to run!
  • Custom domains are not supported (at time of writing).
  • The environment shuts down when not in use, so may be slow to restart. You can run it forever, but you will need to visit the site every three months and renew the web application.
  • There is free support for a separate MySQL database, but not Postgres. In this demonstration we'll just use the default Django SQLite database.

PythonAnywhere is appropriate for hosting this demonstration, and can be scaled to larger projects if needed. You should take the time to determine if it is suitable for your own website.

PythonAnywhere provides an entirely web-based interface for uploading, editing, and otherwise working with your application.

Through the interface you can launch a bash console to a Ubuntu Linux environment in which you can create your application. In this demonstration we'll use the console to clone our local library GitHub repository, and create a Python environment in which we can run the web application.

The free plan doesn't provides separate Postgres support. While we could use some other hosting service for our database, we'll just use the default SQLite database created by Django in the hosted Ubuntu environment (there is more than enough space for demonstrating the library functionality).

Once the application is running, it can be configured for production by setting environment variables through the bash console.

That's all the overview you need to get started.

To start using PythonAnywhere you will first need to create an account:

• Go to PythonAnywhere Plans and pricing page, and select the Create a Beginner account button.
• Create an account with your username, email, and password, acknowledge the terms and conditions, and then select Register.
• You'll then be logged in and redirected to the PythonAnywhere dashboard: https://www.pythonanywhere.com/user/<your_user_name>/.

Next we're going open a Bash prompt, set up a virtual environment, and fetch the local library source code from GitHub. We'll also configure the default database and collect static files so that they can be served by PythonAnywhere.

1. First open the Console management screen by selecting Consoles in the top application bar.
2. Then select the Bash link to create and launch a new console: Note that any console that you create is saved for your later re-use, along with all its history. The green arrow above shows that this account has a console we could have opened instead.
3. In the console, enter the following command to create a Python 3.10 virtual environment named "env_local_library" for installing the local library dependencies.
   bash

   mkvirtualenv --python=python3.10 env_local_library
   

   This is exactly the same process as covered in Setting up a Django development environment. We could have named the environment anything, and we can deactivate it and reactivate it using the commands below:
   bash

   deactivate
   workon env_local_library
   

4. Next get the library sources from GitHub. PythonAnywhere expects you to install applications in a folder named after your site URL.

   Note: Because we're using the free account you can only name your account <your_pythonaware_username>.pythonanywhere.com (for example, if your username is "Odtsetseg" you will have to put the local library source into a folder named odtsetseg.pythonanywhere.com).

   Enter the following command to clone your library sources into an appropriately named folder (you will need to replace the username values with your own name):
   bash

   git clone https://github.com/<github_username>/django-locallibrary-tutorial.git <pythonaware_username>.pythonanywhere.com
   
   # Navigate into the new folder
   cd <pythonaware_username>.pythonanywhere.com
   

5. Install the library dependencies using the requirements.txt file:
   bash

   pip3 install -r requirements.txt
   

6. Create and configure an SQLite database on the hosting computer (just as we did during development).
   bash

   python manage.py migrate
   

   Note: For the Railway example we will Configure a Postgres database, and connect to it by setting the DATABASE_URL environment variable. It is important that migrate is called after configuring what database to use database.

7. Collect all the static files into a location where they can be served in production:
   bash

   python manage.py collectstatic --no-input
   

8. Create a superuser for accessing the site (as covered in the Django admin site section):
   bash

   python manage.py createsuperuser
   

   Note the details, as you'll need them to test your site.

After getting the local library sources and installing the dependencies in a virtual environment, we need to tell PythonAnywhere how to find them and use them as a web app.

1. Navigate to the Web section of the site and select the Add a new web app link: The Create new web app wizard will then open to guide you through configuring the main properties of the web app.
2. Select Next to skip through the web app domain name configuration. The free account will create the domain based on your user name: <user_name>.pythonanywhere.com.
3. In the Select a Python Web framework screen select Manual configuration. Manual configuration allows us complete control over how the environment is configured. This doesn't matter so much now, but it would if we were hosting multiple sites, potentially with different versions of Python and/or Django.
4. In the Select a Python version screen select 3.10 More generally you should select the latest version of Python allowed by the version of Django that you are using.
5. In the Manual configuration screen select Next (the screen just explains some of the options for configuration) The web app is created, and displayed in the Web section as shown. The screen has a Reload button that you can use to reload the web application after you make any further changes. As noted on the screen, you'll need to click the Run until 3 months from today button to keep the site alive for another three months (and ongoing).
6. Scroll down to the "Code" section of the Web tab and select the link to the WSGI configuration file. This will have a name with the form /var/www/<user_name>_pythonanywhere_com_wsgi.py. Replace the content in the file with the following text (first updating "hamishwillee" with your own username), and then select the Save button.
   py

   import os
   import sys
   
   path = '/home/hamishwillee/hamishwillee.pythonanywhere.com'
   if path not in sys.path:
       sys.path.append(path)
   
   os.environ['DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE'] = 'locallibrary.settings'
   
   from django.core.wsgi import get_wsgi_application
   application = get_wsgi_application()
   

   Note that the role of the WSGI file is to help the Gunicorn server find the local library application. PythonAnywhere expects this file to be in this location, which is why the WSGI file already in the project cannot be used.
7. Scroll down to the "Virtualenv" section of the Web tab. Select the link Enter the path to a virtual env, if desired and enter the path of the virtual environment created in the previous section. If you named it "env_local_library" as suggested, the path will be: /home/<user_name>/.virtualenvs/env_local_library
8. Scroll down to the "Static files" section of the Web tab. Select the Enter URL link and enter \static_files\. This is the STATIC_URL in the application settings, and reflects the location where files were copied when we ran collectstatic in the previous section.
9. Near the top of the Web tab select the Reload button to restart the site. Then then select the site URL link to launch the live site:

When the site is opened, at this point you'll see an error debug screen as shown below. This is a Django security error that is raised because our source code is not running on an "allowed host".

Open /locallibrary/settings.py in your GitHub project and change the ALLOWED_HOSTS setting to include your PythonAnywhere site URL:

## For example, for a site URL at 'hamishwillee.pythonanywhere.com'
## (replace the string below with your own site URL):
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['hamishwillee.pythonanywhere.com', '127.0.0.1']

# During development, you can instead set just the base URL
# (you might decide to change the site a few times).
# ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['.pythonanywhere.com','127.0.0.1']

Since the applications uses CSRF protection, you will also need to set the CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS key. Open /locallibrary/settings.py and add a line like the one below:

## For example, for a site URL is at 'web-production-3640.up.railway.app'
## (replace the string below with your own site URL):
CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = ['https://hamishwillee.pythonanywhere.com']

# During development/for this tutorial you can instead set just the base URL
# CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = ['https://*.pythonanywhere.com']

Save these settings and commit them to your GitHub repo.

You will then need to update the version of your project on PythonAnywhere. Assuming you're using your Bash prompt in the folder <user_name>.pythonanywhere.com, and you have pushed the changes to the main branch, then you could import them in the Bash prompt using the command:

git pull origin main

Use the Restart button on the Web tab to restart the application. If you refresh your hosted site, it should now open and display the home page of the site.

You should be able to log in with the superuser account you created above, and create authors, genres, books, and so on, just as you did on your local computer.

In the section on Getting your website ready to publish we modified the application so that it can be configured using environment variables or variables in a .env file in production.

Specifically we set up the library so that you can set:

• DJANGO_DEBUG=False to reduce the debug tracing shown to the user when there is an error.
• DJANGO_SECRET_KEY to some secret value in production.
• DATABASE_URL if your application uses a hosted database (we do not in this example).

The way that environment variables are set depends on the hosting service. For PythonAnywhere you need to read them from an environment file. We're already set up for that, so all we need to do is create the file.

The steps are:

1. Open a PythonAware Bash prompt.
2. Navigate to your application directory (replacing <user-name> with your own account):
   bash

   cd ~/<user-name>.pythonanywhere.com
   

3. Set the environment variables by writing them as key-value pairs to the .env file. For example, to set DJANGO_DEBUG to False in the Bash console, enter the following command:
   bash

   echo "DJANGO_DEBUG=False" >> .env
   

4. Restart the application.

You can test that the operation worked by attempting to open a record that that does not exist (for example, create a genre, then increment the number in the URL bar to open a record that has not yet been created). If the environment variable has been loaded you'll get a "Not found" message rather than a detailed debug trace.

This section provides a practical demonstration of how to install LocalLibrary on Railway.

Railway is an attractive hosting option for several reasons:

• Railway takes care of most of the infrastructure so you don't have to. Not having to worry about servers, load balancers, reverse proxies, and so on, makes it much easier to get started.
• Railway has a focus on developer experience for development and deployment, which leads to a faster and softer learning curve than many other alternatives.
• The skills and concepts you will learn when using Railway are transferrable. While Railway has some excellent new features, other popular hosting services use many of the same ideas and approaches.
• Railway documentation is clear and complete.
• The service appears to be very reliable, and if you end up loving it, the pricing is predictable, and scaling your app is very easy.

You should take the time to determine if Railway is suitable for your own website.

Web applications are each run in their own isolated and independent virtualized container. In order to execute your application, Railway needs to be able to set up the appropriate environment and dependencies, and also understand how it is launched. For Django apps we provide this information in a number of text files:

• runtime.txt: states the programming language and version to use.
• requirements.txt: lists the Python dependencies needed for your site, including Django.
• Procfile: A list of processes to be executed to start the web application. For Django this will usually be the Gunicorn web application server (with a .wsgi script).
• wsgi.py: WSGI configuration to call our Django application in the Railway environment.

Once the application is running it can configure itself using information provided in environment variables. For example, an application that uses a database can get the address using the variable DATABASE_URL. The database service itself may be hosted by Railway or some other provider.

Developers interact with Railway through the Railway site, and using a special Command Line Interface (CLI) tool. The CLI allows you to associate a local GitHub repository with a railway project, upload the repository from the local branch to the live site, inspect the logs of the running process, set and get configuration variables and much more. One of the most useful features is that you can use the CLI to run your local project with the same environment variables as the live project.

In order to get our application to work on Railway, we'll need to put our Django web application into a git repository, add the files above, integrate with a database add-on, and make changes to properly handle static files. Once we've done all that, we can set up a Railway account, get the Railway client, and install our website.

That's all the overview you need in order to get started.

This section explains the changes you'll need to make to our LocalLibrary application to get it to work on Railway. We really only have to create a Procfile and runtime.txt file, because almost everything else is already present.

Note that these changes will not prevent you using the local testing and workflows we've already learned.

Procfile

A Procfile is the web application "entry point". It lists the commands that will be executed by Railway to start your site.

Create the file Procfile (with no file extension) in the root of your GitHub repo and copy/paste in the following text:

web: python manage.py migrate && python manage.py collectstatic --no-input && gunicorn locallibrary.wsgi

The web: prefix tells Railway that this is a web process and can be sent HTTP traffic. We then call the command Django migration command python manage.py migrate to set up the database tables. Next, we call the Django command python manage.py collectstatic to collect static files into the folder defined by the STATIC_ROOT project setting (see the section serving static files in production below). Finally, we start the gunicorn process, a popular web application server, passing it configuration information in the module locallibrary.wsgi (created with our application skeleton: /locallibrary/wsgi.py).

You will note that we already set up the project to include gunicorn and support serving static files!

You can also use the Procfile to start worker processes or to run other non-interactive tasks before the release is deployed.

Runtime

The runtime.txt file, if defined, tells Railway which version of Python to use. Create the file in the root of the repo and add the following text:

python-3.10.2

Re-test and save changes to GitHub

Before you proceed, first test the site again locally and make sure it wasn't broken by any of the changes above. Run the development web server as usual and then check the site still works as you expect on your browser.

python3 manage.py runserver

Next, lets push the changes to GitHub. In the terminal (after having navigated to our local repository), enter the following commands:

git checkout -b railway_changes
git add -A
git commit -m "Added files and changes required for deployment"
git push origin railway_changes

Then create and merge the PR on GitHub.

We should now be ready to start deploying LocalLibrary on Railway.

To start using Railway you will first need to create an account:

• Go to railway.app and click the Login link in the top toolbar.
• Select GitHub in the popup to login using your GitHub credentials
• You may then need to go to your email and verify your account.
• You'll then be logged in to the Railway.app dashboard: https://railway.app/dashboard.

Next we'll set up Railway to deploy our library from GitHub. First choose the Dashboard option from the site top menu, then select the New Project button:

Railway will display a list of options for the new project, including the option to deploy a project from a template that is first created in your GitHub account, and a number of databases. Select Deploy from GitHub repo.

All projects in the GitHub repos you shared with Railway during setup are displayed. Select your GitHub repository for the local library: <user-name>/django-locallibrary-tutorial.

Confirm your deployment by selecting Deploy Now.

Railway will then load and deploy your project, displaying progress on the deployments tab. When deployment successfully completes, you'll see a screen like the one below.

You can click the site URL (highlighted above) to open the site in a browser (it still won't work, because the setup is not complete).

When the site is opened, at this point you'll see an error debug screen as shown below. This is a Django security error that is raised because our source code is not running on an "allowed host".

Open /locallibrary/settings.py in your GitHub project and change the ALLOWED_HOSTS setting to include your Railway site URL:

## For example, for a site URL at 'web-production-3640.up.railway.app'
## (replace the string below with your own site URL):
ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['web-production-3640.up.railway.app', '127.0.0.1']

# During development, you can instead set just the base URL
# (you might decide to change the site a few times).
# ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['.railway.com','127.0.0.1']

Since the applications uses CSRF protection, you will also need to set the CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS key. Open /locallibrary/settings.py and add a line like the one below:

## For example, for a site URL is at 'web-production-3640.up.railway.app'
## (replace the string below with your own site URL):
CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = ['https://web-production-3640.up.railway.app']

# During development/for this tutorial you can instead set just the base URL
# CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS = ['https://*.railway.app']

Then save your settings and commit them to your GitHub repo (Railway will automatically update and redeploy your application).

Next we need to create a Postgres database and connect it to the Django application that we just deployed. (If you open the site now you'll get a new error because the database cannot be accessed). We will create the database as part of the application project, although you can create the database in its own separate project.

On Railway, choose the Dashboard option from the site top menu and then select your application project. At this stage it just contains a single service for your application (this can be selected to set variables and other details of the service). The Settings button can be selected to change project-wide settings. Select the New button, which is used to add services to the project.

Select Database when prompted about the type of service to add:

Then select Add PostgreSQL to start adding the database

Railway will then provision a service containing an empty database in the same project. On completion you will now see both the application and database services in the project view.

Select the web service and then the Variables tab. Select New Variable and then in the Variable name box, select Add reference. Scroll down and select DATABASE_URL (this is the name of the variable that we set up the locallibrary to read as an environment variable).

Then select Add to add the variable reference and finally Deploy (this will appear in a popup). Note that you could also have opened the Postgres database, then its variable tab, and copied the variable across.

If you open the project now it should display just as it did locally. Note however that there is no way to populate the library with data yet, because we have not yet created a superuser account. We'll do that using the CLI tool on our local computer.

Download and install the Railway client for your local operating system by following the instructions here.

After the client is installed you will be able to run commands. Some of the more important operations include deploying the current directory of your computer to an associated Railway project (without having to upload to GitHub), and running your Django project locally using the same settings as you have on the production server. We show these in the next sections.

You can get a list of all the possible commands by entering the following in a terminal.

railway help

In order to create a superuser, we need to call the Django createsuperuser command against the production database (this is the same operation as we ran locally in Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site > Creating a superuser). Railway doesn't provide direct terminal access to the server, and we can't add this command to the Procfile because it is interactive.

What we can do is call this command locally on our Django project when it is connected to the production database. The Railway client makes this easy by providing a mechanism to run commands locally using the same environment variables as the production server, including the database connection string.

First open a terminal or command prompt in a git clone of your locallibrary project. Then login to your browser account using the login or login --browserless command (follow any resulting prompts and instructions from the client or website to complete the login):

railway login

Once logged in, link your current locallibrary directory to the associated Railway project using the following command. Note that you will need to select/enter a particular project when prompted:

railway link

Now that the local directory and project are linked you can run the local Django project with settings from the production environment. First ensure that your normal Django development environment is ready. Then call the following command, entering name, email, and password as required:

railway run python manage.py createsuperuser

You should now be able to open your website admin area (https://[your-url].railway.app/admin/) and populate the database, just as shown in Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site).

The final step is to make the site secure. Specifically, we need to disable debug logging and set a secret CSRF key. The work to read the needed values from environment variables was done in getting your website ready to publish (see DJANGO_DEBUG and DJANGO_SECRET_KEY).

Open the information screen for the project and select the Variables tab. This should already have the DATABASE_URL as shown below.

There are many ways to generate a cryptographically secret key. A simple way is to run the following Python command on your development computer:

python -c "import secrets; print(secrets.token_urlsafe())"

Select the New Variable button and enter the key DJANGO_SECRET_KEY with your secret value (then select Add). Then enter the key DJANGO_DEBUG with the value False. The final set of variables should look like this:

The Railway client provides the logs command to show the tail of logs (a more full log is available on the site for each project):

railway logs

If you need more information than this can provide you will need to start looking into Django Logging.

That's the end of this tutorial on setting up Django apps in production, and also the series of tutorials on working with Django. We hope you've found them useful. You can check out a fully worked-through version of the source code on GitHub here.

The next step is to read our last few articles, and then complete the assessment task.

• Deploying Django (Django docs)
  • Deployment checklist (Django docs)
  • Deploying static files (Django docs)
  • How to deploy with WSGI (Django docs)
  • How to use Django with Apache and mod_wsgi (Django docs)
  • How to use Django with Gunicorn (Django docs)
• Railway Docs
  • CLI
• Digital Ocean
  • How To Serve Django Applications with uWSGI and Nginx on Ubuntu 16.04
  • Other Digital Ocean Django community docs
• Heroku Docs (similar setup concepts)
  • Configuring Django apps for Heroku (Heroku docs)
  • Getting Started on Heroku with Django (Heroku docs)
  • Django and Static Assets (Heroku docs)
  • Concurrency and Database Connections in Django (Heroku docs)
  • How Heroku works (Heroku docs)
  • Dynos and the Dyno Manager (Heroku docs)
  • Configuration and Config Vars (Heroku docs)
  • Limits (Heroku docs)
  • Deploying Python applications with Gunicorn (Heroku docs)
  • Deploying Python and Django apps on Heroku (Heroku docs)

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• Overview: Django Web Framework (Python)
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