Creating our first Vue component

Let's create our first component, which will display a single todo item. We'll use this to build our list of todos.

1. In your moz-todo-vue/src/components directory, create a new file named ToDoItem.vue. Open the file in your code editor.
2. Create the component's template section by adding <template></template> to the top of the file.
3. Create a <script></script> section below your template section. Inside the <script> tags, add a default exported object export default {}, which is your component object.

Your file should now look like this:

<template></template>
<script>
export default {};
</script>

We can now begin to add actual content to our ToDoItem. Vue templates are currently only allowed a single root element — one element needs to wrap everything inside the template section (this will change when Vue 3 comes out). We'll use a <div> for that root element.

1. Add an empty <div> inside your component template now.
2. Inside that <div>, let's add a checkbox and a corresponding label. Add an id to the checkbox, and a for attribute mapping the checkbox to the label, as shown below.
   markup

   <template>
     <div>
       <input type="checkbox" id="todo-item" />
       <label for="todo-item">My Todo Item</label>
     </div>
   </template>
   

This is all fine, but we haven't added the component to our app yet, so there's no way to test it and see if everything is working. Let's add it now.

1. Open up App.vue again.
2. At the top of your <script> tag, add the following to import your ToDoItem component:
   js

   import ToDoItem from "./components/ToDoItem.vue";
   

3. Inside your component object, add the components property, and inside it add your ToDoItem component to register it.

Your <script> contents should now look like this:

import ToDoItem from "./components/ToDoItem.vue";

export default {
  name: "app",
  components: {
    ToDoItem,
  },
};

This is the same way that the HelloWorld component was registered by the Vue CLI earlier.

To actually render the ToDoItem component in the app, you need to go up into your <template> element and call it as a <to-do-item></to-do-item> element. Note that the component file name and its representation in JavaScript is in PascalCase (e.g. ToDoList), and the equivalent custom element is in kebab-case (e.g. <to-do-list>). It's necessary to use this casing style if you're writing Vue templates in the DOM directly

1. Underneath the <h1>, create an unordered list (<ul>) containing a single list item (<li>).
2. Inside the list item add <to-do-item></to-do-item>.

The <template> section of your App.vue file should now look something like this:

<div id="app">
  <h1>To-Do List</h1>
  <ul>
    <li>
      <to-do-item></to-do-item>
    </li>
  </ul>
</div>

If you check your rendered app again, you should now see your rendered ToDoItem, consisting of a checkbox and a label.

Our ToDoItem component is still not very useful because we can only really include this once on a page (IDs need to be unique), and we have no way to set the label text. Nothing about this is dynamic.

What we need is some component state. This can be achieved by adding props to our component. You can think of props as being similar to inputs in a function. The value of a prop gives components an initial state that affects their display.

In Vue, there are two ways to register props:

• The first way is to just list props out as an array of strings. Each entry in the array corresponds to the name of a prop.
• The second way is to define props as an object, with each key corresponding to the prop name. Listing props as an object allows you to specify default values, mark props as required, perform basic object typing (specifically around JavaScript primitive types), and perform simple prop validation.

For this component, we'll use the object registration method.

1. Go back to your ToDoItem.vue file.
2. Add a props property inside the export default {} object, which contains an empty object.
3. Inside this object, add two properties with the keys label and done.
4. The label key's value should be an object with 2 properties (or props, as they are called in the context of being available to the components).
   1. The first is a required property, which will have a value of true. This will tell Vue that we expect every instance of this component to have a label field. Vue will warn us if a ToDoItem component does not have a label field.
   2. The second property we'll add is a type property. Set the value for this property as the JavaScript String type (note the capital "S"). This tells Vue that we expect the value of this property to be a string.
5. Now on to the done prop.
   1. First add a default field, with a value of false. This means that when no done prop is passed to a ToDoItem component, the done prop will have a value of false (bear in mind that this is not required — we only need default on non-required props).
   2. Next add a type field with a value of Boolean. This tells Vue we expect the value prop to be a JavaScript boolean type.

Your component object should now look like this:

export default {
  props: {
    label: { required: true, type: String },
    done: { default: false, type: Boolean },
  },
};

With these props defined inside the component object, we can now use these variable values inside our template. Let's start by adding the label prop to the component template.

In your <template>, replace the contents of the <label> element with {{label}}.

{{}} is a special template syntax in Vue, which lets us print the result of JavaScript expressions defined in our class, inside our template, including values and methods. It's important to know that content inside {{}} is displayed as text and not HTML. In this case, we're printing the value of the label prop.

Your component's template section should now look like this:

<template>
  <div>
    <input type="checkbox" id="todo-item" />
    <label for="todo-item">{{ label }}</label>
  </div>
</template>

Go back to your browser and you'll see the todo item rendered as before, but without a label (oh no!). Go to your browser's DevTools and you'll see a warning along these lines in the console:

[Vue warn]: Missing required prop: "label"

found in

---> <ToDoItem> at src/components/ToDoItem.vue
        <App> at src/App.vue
          <Root>

This is because we marked the label as a required prop, but we never gave the component that prop — we've defined where inside the template we want it used, but we haven't passed it into the component when calling it. Let's fix that.

Inside your App.vue file, add a label prop to the <to-do-item></to-do-item> component, just like a regular HTML attribute:

<to-do-item label="My ToDo Item"></to-do-item>

Now you'll see the label in your app, and the warning won't be spat out in the console again.

So that's props in a nutshell. Next we'll move on to how Vue persists data state.

If you change the value of the label prop passed into the <to-do-item></to-do-item> call in your App component, you should see it update. This is great. We have a checkbox, with an updatable label. However, we're currently not doing anything with the "done" prop — we can check the checkboxes in the UI, but nowhere in the app are we recording whether a todo item is actually done.

To achieve this, we want to bind the component's done prop to the checked attribute on the <input> element, so that it can serve as a record of whether the checkbox is checked or not. However, it's important that props serve as one-way data binding — a component should never alter the value of its own props. There are a lot of reasons for this. In part, components editing props can make debugging a challenge. If a value is passed to multiple children, it could be hard to track where the changes to that value were coming from. In addition, changing props can cause components to re-render. So mutating props in a component would trigger the component to rerender, which may in-turn trigger the mutation again.

To work around this, we can manage the done state using Vue's data property. The data property is where you can manage local state in a component, it lives inside the component object alongside the props property and has the following structure:

data() {
  return {
    key: value
  }
}

You'll note that the data property is a function. This is to keep the data values unique for each instance of a component at runtime — the function is invoked separately for each component instance. If you declared data as just an object, all instances of that component would share the same values. This is a side-effect of the way Vue registers components and something you do not want.

You use this to access a component's props and other properties from inside data, as you may expect. We'll see an example of this shortly.

So let's add a data property to our ToDoItem component. This will return an object containing a single property that we'll call isDone, whose value is this.done.

Update the component object like so:

export default {
  props: {
    label: { required: true, type: String },
    done: { default: false, type: Boolean },
  },
  data() {
    return {
      isDone: this.done,
    };
  },
};

Vue does a little magic here — it binds all of your props directly to the component instance, so we don't have to call this.props.done. It also binds other attributes (data, which you've already seen, and others like methods, computed, etc.) directly to the instance. This is, in part, to make them available to your template. The down-side to this is that you need to keep the keys unique across these attributes. This is why we called our data attribute isDone instead of done.

So now we need to attach the isDone property to our component. In a similar fashion to how Vue uses {{}} expressions to display JavaScript expressions inside templates, Vue has a special syntax to bind JavaScript expressions to HTML elements and components: v-bind. The v-bind expression looks like this:

v-bind:attribute="expression"

In other words, you prefix whatever attribute/prop you want to bind to with v-bind:. In most cases, you can use a shorthand for the v-bind property, which is to just prefix the attribute/prop with a colon. So :attribute="expression" works the same as v-bind:attribute="expression".

So in the case of the checkbox in our ToDoItem component, we can use v-bind to map the isDone property to the checked attribute on the <input> element. Both of the following are equivalent:

<input type="checkbox" id="todo-item" v-bind:checked="isDone" />

<input type="checkbox" id="todo-item" :checked="isDone" />

You're free to use whichever pattern you would like. It's best to keep it consistent though. Because the shorthand syntax is more commonly used, this tutorial will stick to that pattern.

So let's do this. Update your <input> element now to include :checked="isDone".

Test out your component by passing :done="true" to the ToDoItem call in App.vue. Note that you need to use the v-bind syntax, because otherwise true is passed as a string. The displayed checkbox should be checked.

<template>
  <div id="app">
    <h1>My To-Do List</h1>
    <ul>
      <li>
        <to-do-item label="My ToDo Item" :done="true"></to-do-item>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
</template>

Try changing true to false and back again, reloading your app in between to see how the state changes.

Great! We now have a working checkbox where we can set the state programmatically. However, we can currently only add one ToDoList component to the page because the id is hardcoded. This would result in errors with assistive technology since the id is needed to correctly map labels to their checkboxes. To fix this, we can programmatically set the id in the component data.

We can use the nanoid package to help keep the index unique. This package exports a function nanoid() that generates a unique string. This will be sufficient for keeping component ids unique.

Let's add the package to our project with npm; stop your server and enter the following command into your terminal:

npm install --save nanoid

We can now import this package into our ToDoItem component. Add the following line at the top of ToDoItem.vue's <script> element:

import { nanoid } from "nanoid";

Next, add an id field to our data property, so the component object ends up looking like so (nanoid() returns a unique string with the specified prefix — todo-):

import { nanoid } from "nanoid";

export default {
  props: {
    label: { required: true, type: String },
    done: { default: false, type: Boolean },
  },
  data() {
    return {
      isDone: this.done,
      id: "todo-" + nanoid(),
    };
  },
};

Next, bind the id to both our checkbox's id attribute and the label's for attribute, updating the existing id and for attributes as shown:

<template>
  <div>
    <input type="checkbox" :id="id" :checked="isDone" />
    <label :for="id">{{ label }}</label>
  </div>
</template>

And that will do for this article. At this point we have a nicely-working ToDoItem component that can be passed a label to display, will store its checked state, and will be rendered with a unique id each time it is called. You can check if the unique ids are working by temporarily adding more <to-do-item></to-do-item> calls into App.vue, and then checking their rendered output with your browser's DevTools.

Now we're ready to add multiple ToDoItem components to our app. In our next article we'll look at adding a set of todo item data to our App.vue component, which we'll then loop through and display inside ToDoItem components using the v-for directive.

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