Wrapping and breaking text

In CSS, if you have an unbreakable string such as a very long word, by default it will overflow any container that is too small for it in the inline direction. We can see this happening in the example below: the long word is extending past the boundary of the box it is contained in.

CSS will display overflow in this way, because doing something else could cause data loss. In CSS data loss means that some of your content vanishes. So the initial value of overflow is visible, and we can see the overflowing text. It is generally better to be able to see overflow, even if it is messy. If things were to disappear or be cropped as would happen if overflow was set to hidden you might not spot it when previewing your site. Messy overflow is at least easy to spot, and in the worst case, your visitor will be able to see and read the content even if it looks a bit strange.

In this next example, you can see what happens if overflow is set to hidden.

To find the minimum size of the box that will contain its contents with no overflows, set the width or inline-size property of the box to min-content.

Using min-content is therefore one possibility for overflowing boxes. If it is possible to allow the box to grow to be the minimum size required for the content, but no bigger, using this keyword will give you that size.

If the box needs to be a fixed size, or you are keen to ensure that long words can't overflow, then the overflow-wrap property can help. This property will break a word once it is too long to fit on a line by itself.

An alternative property to try is word-break. This property will break the word at the point it overflows. It will cause a break-even if placing the word onto a new line would allow it to display without breaking.

In this next example, you can compare the difference between the two properties on the same string of text.

This might be useful if you want to prevent a large gap from appearing if there is just enough space for the string. Or, where there is another element that you would not want the break to happen immediately after.

In the example below there is a checkbox and label. Let's say, you want the label to break should it be too long for the box. However, you don't want it to break directly after the checkbox.

To add hyphens when words are broken, use the CSS hyphens property. Using a value of auto, the browser is free to automatically break words at appropriate hyphenation points, following whatever rules it chooses. To have some control over the process, use a value of manual, then insert a hard or soft break character into the string. A hard break (‐) will always break, even if it is not necessary to do so. A soft break (­) only breaks if breaking is needed.

You can also use the hyphenate-character property to use the string of your choice instead of the default hyphenation character at the end of the line (before the hyphenation line break) for the language. The auto value selects the correct value to mark a mid-word line break according to the typographic conventions of the current content language.

CSS provides additional hyphenation control: the hyphenate-limit-chars property can be used to set the minimum word length that allows for hyphenation as well as the minimum number of characters before and after the hyphen.

If you know where you want a long string to break, then it is also possible to insert the HTML <wbr> element. This can be useful in cases such as displaying a long URL on a page. You can then add the property in order to break the string in sensible places that will make it easier to read.

In the below example the text breaks in the location of the <wbr>.

• The HTML <wbr> element
• The CSS word-break property
• The CSS overflow-wrap property
• The CSS white-space property
• The CSS text-wrap property
• The CSS hyphens property
• The CSS hyphenate-character property
• The CSS hyphenate-limit-chars property
• Overflow and Data Loss in CSS