Using relative colors

The CSS colors module defines relative color syntax, which allows a CSS <color> value to be defined relative to another color. This is a powerful feature that enables easy creation of complements to existing colors — such as lighter, darker, saturated, semi-transparent, or inverted variants — enabling more effective color palette creation.

This article explains relative color syntax, shows what the different options are, and looks at some illustrative examples.

General syntax

A relative CSS color value has the following general syntax structure:

color-function(from origin-color channel1 channel2 channel3)
color-function(from origin-color channel1 channel2 channel3 / alpha)

// color space included in the case of color() functions
color(from origin-color colorspace channel1 channel2 channel3)
color(from origin-color colorspace channel1 channel2 channel3 / alpha)

Relative colors are created using the same color functions as absolute colors, but with different parameters:

  1. Include a basic color function (represented by color-function() above) such as rgb(), hsl(), etc. Which one you pick depends on the color model you want to use for the relative color you are creating (the output color).
  2. Pass in the origin color (represented above by origin-color) your relative color will be based on, preceded by the from keyword. This can be any valid <color> value using any available color model including a color value contained in a CSS custom property, system colors, currentColor, or even another relative color.
  3. In the case of the color() function, include the colorspace of the output color.
  4. Provide an output value for each individual channel. The output color is defined after the origin color — represented above by the channel1, channel2, and channel3 placeholders. The channels defined here depend on the color function you are using for your relative color. For example, if you are using hsl(), you would need to define the values for hue, saturation, and lightness. Each channel value can be a new value, the same as the original value, or a value relative to the channel value of the origin color.
  5. Optionally, an alpha channel value for the output color can be defined, preceded by a slash (/). If the alpha channel value is not explicitly specified, it defaults to the alpha channel value of the origin-color (not 100%, which is the case for absolute color values).

The browser converts the origin color to a syntax compatible with the color function then destructures it into component color channels (plus the alpha channel if the origin color has one). These are made available as appropriately-named values inside the color function — r, g, b, and alpha in the case of the rgb() function, l, a, b, and alpha in the case of the lab() function, h, w, b, and alpha in the case of hwb(), etc. — that can be used to calculate new output channel values.

Let's look at relative color syntax in action. The below CSS is used to style two <div> elements, one with a absolute background color — red — and one with a relative background color created with the rgb() function, based on the same red color value:

css
#one {
  background-color: red;
}

#two {
  background-color: rgb(from red 200 g b);
}

The output is as follows:

The relative color uses the rgb() function, which takes red as the origin color, converts it to an equivalent rgb() color (rgb(255 0 0)) and then defines the new color as having a red channel of value 200 and green and blue channels with a value the same as the origin color (it uses the g and b values made available inside the function by the browser, which are both equal to 0).

This results in an output of rgb(200 0 0) — a slightly darker red. If we had specified a red channel value of 255 (or just the r value), the resulting output color would be exactly the same as the input value. The browser's final output color (the computed value) is an sRGB color() value equivalent to rgb(200 0 0) — color(srgb 0.784314 0 0).

Note: As mentioned above, when calculating a relative color the first thing the browser does is to convert the provided origin color (red in the above example) into a value compatible with the color function being used (in this case, rgb()). This is done so that the browser is able to calculate the output color from the origin color. While the calculations are performed relative to the color function used, the actual output color value depends on the color's color space:

  • Older sRGB color functions cannot express the full spectrum of visible colors. The output colors of (hsl(), hwb(), and rgb()) are serialized to color(srgb) to avoid these limitations. That means that querying the output color value via the HTMLElement.style property or the CSSStyleDeclaration.getPropertyValue() method returns the output color as a color(srgb ...) value.
  • For more recent color functions (lab(), oklab(), lch(), and oklch()), relative color output values are expressed in the same syntax as the color function used. For example, if a lab() color function is being used, the output color will be a lab() value.

These five lines all produce an equivalent output color:

red
rgb(255 0 0)
rgb(from red r g b)
rgb(from red 255 g b)
rgb(from red 255 0 0)

Syntax flexibility

There is an important distinction to be made between the destructured origin color channel values made available in the function, and the channel values of the output color set by the developer.

To reiterate, when a relative color is defined, the channel values of the origin color are made available in the function to use when defining the output color channel values. The following example defines a relative color using an rgb() function and uses the origin color channel values (made available as r, g, and b) for the output channel values, meaning that the output color is the same as the origin color:

css
rgb(from red r g b)

However, when specifying the output values, you don't need to use the origin color channel values at all. You need to provide the output channel values in the right order (e.g. red, then green, then blue in the case of rgb()), but they can be any values you wish provided they are valid values for those channels. This gives relative CSS colors a high degree of flexibility.

For example, if you wanted to, you could specify absolute values like those shown below, transforming red into blue:

css
rgb(from red 0 0 255)
/* output color is equivalent to rgb(0 0 255), full blue */

Note: If you are using relative color syntax but outputting the same color as the origin color or a color not based on the origin color at all, you are not really creating a relative color. You'd be unlikely to ever do this in a real codebase, and would probably just use an absolute color value instead. But, we felt it useful to explain that you can do this with relative color syntax, as a starting point for learning about it.

You can even mix up or repeat the provided values. The following takes a slightly darker red as an input and outputs a light gray color — the output color's r, g, and b channels are all set to the origin color's r channel value:

css
rgb(from rgb(200 0 0) r r r)
/* output color is equivalent to rgb(200 200 200), light gray */

The following uses the origin color's channel values for the output color's r, g, and b channel values, but in reverse order:

css
rgb(from rgb(200 170 0) b g r)
/* output color is equivalent to rgb(0 170 200) */

Color functions that support relative colors

In the section above we only saw relative colors defined via the rgb() function. However, relative colors can be defined using any modern CSS color function — color(), hsl(), hwb(), lab(), lch(), oklab(), oklch(), or rgb(). The general syntax structure is the same in each case, although the origin color values have different names appropriate for the function being used.

Below you can find relative color syntax examples for each color function. Each case is the simplest possible, with the output color channel values exactly matching the origin color channel values:

css
/* color() with and without alpha channel */
color(from red a98-rgb r g b)
color(from red a98-rgb r g b / alpha)

color(from red xyz-d50 x y z)
color(from red xyz-d50 x y z / alpha)

/* hsl() with and without alpha channel */
hsl(from red h s l)
hsl(from red h s l / alpha)

/* hwb() with and without alpha channel */
hwb(from red h w b)
hwb(from red h w b / alpha)

/* lab() with and without alpha channel */
lab(from red l a b)
lab(from red l a b / alpha)

/* lch() with and without alpha channel */
lch(from red l c h)
lch(from red l c h / alpha)

/* oklab() with and without alpha channel */
oklab(from red l a b)
oklab(from red l a b / alpha)

/* oklch() with and without alpha channel */
oklch(from red l c h)
oklch(from red l c h / alpha)

/* rgb() with and without alpha channel */
rgb(from red r g b)
rgb(from red r g b / alpha)

It is worth mentioning again that the color system of the origin color doesn't need to match the color system being used to create the output color. Again, this provides a lot of flexibility. Generally you won't be interested in and might not even know the system the origin color is defined in (you might just have a custom property value to manipulate). You'll just want to input a color and, for example, create a lighter variant of it by putting it into an hsl() function and varying the lightness value.

Note: Aliases such as rgba() or hsla() can be used to output relative colors, and to specify origin colors. When using legacy color functions to output a relative color, you must use the comma-less modern syntax and can't mix percentages and numbers.

Using custom properties

When creating a relative color, you can use values defined in CSS custom properties both for the origin color and within the output color channel value definitions. Let's look at an example.

In the below CSS we define two custom properties:

  • --base-color contains our base brand color — purple. Here we are using a named color keyword, but relative colors can accept any color syntax for the origin color.
  • --standard-opacity contains the standard brand opacity value that we want to apply to semi-transparent boxes — 0.75.

We then give two <div> elements a background color. One is given an absolute color — our --base-color brand purple. The other one is given a relative color equal to our brand purple, transformed to add an alpha channel equal to our standard opacity value.

css
:root {
  --base-color: purple;
  --standard-opacity: 0.75;
}

#one {
  background-color: var(--base-color);
}

#two {
  background-color: hwb(from var(--base-color) h w b / var(--standard-opacity));
}

The output is as follows:

Using math functions

You can use CSS math functions such as calc() to calculate values for the output color channels. Let's look at an example.

The below CSS is used to style three <div> elements with different background colors. The middle one is given an unmodified --base-color, while the left and right ones are given lightened and darkened variants of that --base-color. These variants are defined using relative colors — the --base-color is passed into an lch() function, and the output color has its lightness channel modified to achieve the desired effect via a calc() function. The lightened color has 20% added to the lightness channel, and the darkened color has 20% subtracted from it.

css
:root {
  --base-color: orange;
}

#one {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) calc(l + 20) c h);
}

#two {
  background-color: var(--base-color);
}

#three {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) calc(l - 20) c h);
}

The output is as follows:

Channel values resolve to <number> values

To make channel value calculations work in relative colors, all origin color channel values resolve to appropriate <number> values. For example, in the lch() examples above, we are calculating new lightness values by adding or subtracting numbers from the origin color's l channel value. If we tried to do calc(l + 20%), that would result in an invalid color — l is a <number> and cannot have a <percentage> added to it.

  • Channel values originally specified as a <percentage> resolve to a <number> appropriate for the output color function.
  • Channel values originally specified as a <hue> angle resolve to a number of degrees in a range of 0 to 360, inclusive.

Check the different color function pages for the specifics of what their origin channel values resolve to.

Checking for browser support

You can check that a browser supports relative color syntax by running it through a @supports at-rule.

For example:

css
@supports (color: hsl(from white h s l)) {
  /* safe to use hsl() relative color syntax */
}

Examples

Note: You can find additional examples demonstrating the use of relative color syntax in the different functional notation types on their dedicated pages: color(), hsl(), hwb(), lab(), lch(), oklab(), oklch(), rgb().

Color palette generator

This example allows you to choose a base color and a color palette type. The browser will then show an appropriate palette of colors based on the chosen base color. The color palette choices are as follows:

  • Complementary: Includes two colors that are at opposite sides of a color wheel, or to put it another way, opposite hues (see the <hue> data type for more information on hues and color wheels). The two colors are defined as a base color, and the base color with hue channel +180 degrees.
  • Triadic: Includes three colors equal distances apart around the color wheel. The three colors are defined as a base color, base color with hue channel -120 degrees, and base color with hue channel +120 degrees.
  • Tetradic: Includes four colors equal distances apart around the color wheel. The four colors are defined as a base color, and base color with hue channel +90, +180, and +270 degrees.
  • Monochrome: Includes multiple colors with the same hue but varying lightness values. In our example we've defined five colors in a monochrome palette — base color, and base color with lightness channel -20, -10, +10, and +20.

HTML

The full HTML is included below for reference. The most interesting parts are as follows:

  • The --base-color custom property is stored as an inline style on the <div> element with the ID of container. We've placed it there so it is easy to update the value using JavaScript. We've provided an initial value of #ff0000 (red) to show a color palette based on that value when the example loads. Note that normally we'd probably set this on the <html> element, but the MDN live sample was removing it when rendering.
  • The base color picker is created using an <input type="color"> control. When a new value is set in this control, the --base-color custom property is set to this value using JavaScript, which in turn generates a new color palette. All the displayed colors are relative colors based on --base-color.
  • The set of <input type="radio"> controls enables choosing a color palette type to generate. When a new value is chosen here, JavaScript is used to set a new class on the container <div> to represent the chosen palette. In the CSS, descendant selectors are used to target the child <div>s (e.g. .comp :nth-child(1)) so they can have the correct colors applied to them and hide the unused <div> nodes.
  • The container <div> containing the child <div>s that display the colors of the generated palette. Note that an initial class of comp is set on it, so that the page will display a complementary color scheme when first loaded.
html
<div>
  <h1>Color palette generator</h1>
  <form>
    <div id="color-picker">
      <label for="color">Select a base color:</label>
      <input type="color" id="color" name="color" value="#ff0000" />
    </div>
    <div>
      <fieldset>
        <legend>Select a color palette type:</legend>

        <div>
          <input
            type="radio"
            id="comp"
            name="palette-type"
            value="comp"
            checked />
          <label for="comp">Complementary</label>
        </div>

        <div>
          <input
            type="radio"
            id="triadic"
            name="palette-type"
            value="triadic" />
          <label for="triadic">Triadic</label>
        </div>

        <div>
          <input
            type="radio"
            id="tetradic"
            name="palette-type"
            value="tetradic" />
          <label for="tetradic">Tetradic</label>
        </div>

        <div>
          <input
            type="radio"
            id="monochrome"
            name="palette-type"
            value="monochrome" />
          <label for="monochrome">Monochrome</label>
        </div>
      </fieldset>
    </div>
  </form>
  <div id="container" class="comp" style="--base-color: #ff0000;">
    <div></div>
    <div></div>
    <div></div>
    <div></div>
    <div></div>
  </div>
</div>

CSS

Below we are only showing the CSS that sets the palette colors. Note how, in each case, descendent selectors are used to apply the correct background-color to each child <div> for the chosen palette. We care more about the position of the <div>s in the source order than the type of element, so we have used :nth-child to target them.

In the last rule we've used the general sibling selector (~) to target the unused <div> elements in each palette type, setting display: none to stop them being rendered.

The colors themselves include the --base-color, plus relative colors derived from that --base-color. The relative colors use the lch() function — passing in the origin --base-color and defining an output color with an adjusted lightness or hue channel as appropriate.

css
/* Complementary colors */
/* Base color, and base color with hue channel +180 degrees */

.comp :nth-child(1) {
  background-color: var(--base-color);
}

.comp :nth-child(2) {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 180));
}

/* Use @supports to add in support old syntax that requires deg units
   to be specified in hue calculations. This is required for Safari 16.4+. */
@supports (color: lch(from red l c calc(h + 180deg))) {
  .comp :nth-child(2) {
    background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 180deg));
  }
}

/* Triadic colors */
/* Base color, base color with hue channel -120 degrees, and base color */
/* with hue channel +120 degrees */

.triadic :nth-child(1) {
  background-color: var(--base-color);
}

.triadic :nth-child(2) {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h - 120));
}

.triadic :nth-child(3) {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 120));
}

/* Use @supports to add in support old syntax that requires deg units
   to be specified in hue calculations. This is required for Safari 16.4+. */
@supports (color: lch(from red l c calc(h + 120deg))) {
  .triadic :nth-child(2) {
    background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h - 120deg));
  }

  .triadic :nth-child(3) {
    background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 120deg));
  }
}

/* Tetradic colors */
/* Base color, and base color with hue channel +90, +180, and +270 degrees */

.tetradic :nth-child(1) {
  background-color: var(--base-color);
}

.tetradic :nth-child(2) {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 90));
}

.tetradic :nth-child(3) {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 180));
}

.tetradic :nth-child(4) {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 270));
}

/* Use @supports to add in support old syntax that requires deg units
   to be specified in hue calculations. This is required for Safari 16.4+. */
@supports (color: lch(from red l c calc(h + 90deg))) {
  .tetradic :nth-child(2) {
    background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 90deg));
  }

  .tetradic :nth-child(3) {
    background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 180deg));
  }

  .tetradic :nth-child(4) {
    background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 270deg));
  }
}

/* Monochrome colors */
/* Base color, and base color with lightness channel -20, -10, +10, and +20 */

.monochrome :nth-child(1) {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) calc(l - 20) c h);
}

.monochrome :nth-child(2) {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) calc(l - 10) c h);
}

.monochrome :nth-child(3) {
  background-color: var(--base-color);
}

.monochrome :nth-child(4) {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) calc(l + 10) c h);
}

.monochrome :nth-child(5) {
  background-color: lch(from var(--base-color) calc(l + 20) c h);
}

/* Hide unused swatches for each palette type */
.comp :nth-child(2) ~ div,
.triadic :nth-child(3) ~ div,
.tetradic :nth-child(4) ~ div {
  display: none;
}
An aside on @supports testing

In the example CSS you'll notice @supports blocks being used to provide different background-color values to browsers that support a previous draft specification of the relative color syntax. These are required because Safari's initial implementation was based on an older version of the spec in which origin color channel values resolved to <number>s or other unit types depending on the context. This meant that values sometimes required units when performing additions and subtractions, which created confusion. In newer implementations, origin color channel values always resolve to an equivalent <number> value, which means calculations are always done with unitless values.

Note how the support test in each case is done using a simple declaration — color: lch(from red l c calc(h + 90deg)) for example — rather than the actual value that we need to vary for other browsers. When testing complex values like these, you should use the simplest possible declaration that still contains the syntactic difference you want to test for.

Including a custom property in the @supports test doesn't work — the test always comes back as positive regardless of what value the custom property is given. This is because a custom property value only becomes invalid when assigned to be an invalid value (or part of an invalid value) of a regular CSS property. To work around this, in each test we have replaced var(--base-color) with the red keyword.

JavaScript

In the JavaScript, we:

  • Add a change event listener to the radio buttons so that when one is selected, the setContainer() function runs. This function updates the class value of the <div> with id="container" with the value of the selected radio button so that the correct background colors will be applied to the child <div>s for the chosen palette type.
  • Add an input event listener to the color picker control so that when a new color is selected, the setBaseColor() function runs. This function sets the --base-color custom property's value to the new color.
js
const form = document.forms[0];
const radios = form.elements["palette-type"];
const colorPicker = form.elements["color"];
const containerElem = document.getElementById("container");

for (const radio of radios) {
  radio.addEventListener("change", setContainer);
}

colorPicker.addEventListener("input", setBaseColor);

function setContainer(e) {
  const palType = e.target.value;
  console.log("radio changed");
  containerElem.setAttribute("class", palType);
}

function setBaseColor(e) {
  console.log("color changed");
  containerElem.style.setProperty("--base-color", e.target.value);
}

Results

The output is as follows. This starts to show the power of relative CSS colors — we are defining multiple colors and generating palettes that are updated live by adjusting a single custom property.

Live UI color scheme updater

This example shows a card containing a heading and text, but with a twist — below the card is a slider (<input type="range">) control. When its value is changed, JavaScript is used to set a --hue custom property value to the new slider value.

This in turn adjusts the color scheme for the entire UI:

  • The --base-color value is a relative color with its hue channel set to the value of --hue.
  • The other colors used in the design are relative colors based on --base-color. As a result, they change when the --base-color changes.

HTML

The HTML for the example is shown below.

  • The <main> element acts as an outer wrapper to contain the rest of the content, allowing the card and form to be centered vertically and horizontally inside <main> as one unit.
  • The <section> element contains the <h1> and <p> elements that define the card's content.
  • The <form> element contains the (<input type="range">) control and its <label>.
html
<main>
  <section>
    <h1>A love of colors</h1>
    <p>
      Colors, the vibrant essence of our surroundings, are truly awe-inspiring.
      From the fiery warmth of reds to the calming coolness of blues, they bring
      unparalleled richness to our world. Colors stir emotions, ignite
      creativity, and shape perceptions, acting as a universal language of
      expression. Whether in a breathtaking sunset, a bustling marketplace, or
      an artist's canvas, colors transcend the visual spectrum, turning the
      ordinary into the extraordinary. In their brilliance, colors create a
      visually enchanting tapestry that invites admiration and sparks joy.
    </p>
  </section>
  <form>
    <label for="hue-adjust">Adjust the hue:</label>
    <input
      type="range"
      name="hue-adjust"
      id="hue-adjust"
      value="240"
      min="0"
      max="360" />
  </form>
</main>

CSS

In the CSS the :root has a default --hue value set on it, relative lch() colors to define the color scheme, plus a radial gradient that fills the whole body.

The relative colors are as follows:

  • --base-color: The base color takes an origin color of red (although any full color would do) and adjusts its hue value to the value set in the --hue custom property.
  • --bg-color: A much lighter variant of --base-color, intended to be used as a background. This is created by taking an origin color of --base-color and adding 40 to its lightness value.
  • --complementary-color: A complementary color 180 degrees around the color wheel from --base-color. This is created by taking an origin color of --base-color and adding 180 to its hue value.

Now have a look at the rest of the CSS and take note of all the places where these colors are used. This includes backgrounds, borders, text-shadow, and even the accent-color of the slider.

Note: For brevity, only the parts of the CSS relevant to relative color usage are shown.

css
:root {
  /* Default hue value */
  --hue: 240;

  /* Relative color definitions */
  --base-color: lch(from red l c var(--hue));
  --bg-color: lch(from var(--base-color) calc(l + 40) c h);
  --complementary-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 180));

  background: radial-gradient(ellipse at center, white 40%, var(--base-color));
}

/* Use @supports to add in support for --complementary-color with old
   syntax that requires deg units to be specified in hue calculations.
   This is required for in Safari 16.4+. */
@supports (color: lch(from red l c calc(h + 180deg))) {
  body {
    --complementary-color: lch(from var(--base-color) l c calc(h + 180deg));
  }
}

/* Box styling */

section {
  background-color: var(--bg-color);
  border: 3px solid var(--base-color);
  border-radius: 20px;
  box-shadow: 10px 10px 30px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.5);
}

h1 {
  text-align: center;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 20px;
  background-color: var(--base-color);
  color: black;
  border-radius: 16px 16px 0 0;
  font-size: 3rem;
  letter-spacing: -1px;
  text-shadow:
    1px 1px 1px var(--complementary-color),
    -1px -1px 1px var(--complementary-color),
    0 0 3px var(--complementary-color);
}

/* Range slider styling */

form {
  background-color: var(--bg-color);
  border: 3px solid var(--base-color);
}

input {
  accent-color: var(--base-color);
}

JavaScript

The JavaScript adds an input event listener to the slider control so that when a new value is set, the setHue() function runs. This function sets a new inline --hue custom property value on the :root (the <html> element) that overrides the original default value we set in our CSS.

js
const rootElem = document.querySelector(":root");
const slider = document.getElementById("hue-adjust");

slider.addEventListener("input", setHue);

function setHue(e) {
  console.log("hue changed");
  rootElem.style.setProperty("--hue", e.target.value);
}

Results

The output is shown below. Relative CSS colors are being used here to control the color scheme of an entire UI, which can be adjusted live as a single value is modified.

See also