text-transform
The text-transform
CSS property specifies how to capitalize an element's text. It can be used to make text appear in all-uppercase or all-lowercase, or with each word capitalized. It also can help improve legibility for ruby.
Try it
The text-transform
property takes into account language-specific case mapping rules such as the following:
- In Turkic languages, like Turkish (
tr
), Azerbaijani (az
), Crimean Tatar (crh
), Volga Tatar (tt
), and Bashkir (ba
), there are two kinds ofi
, with and without the dot, and two case pairings:i
/İ
andı
/I
. - In German (
de
), theß
becomesSS
in uppercase. - In Dutch (
nl
), theij
digraph becomesIJ
, even withtext-transform: capitalize
, which only puts the first letter of a word in uppercase. - In Greek (
el
), vowels lose their accent when the whole word is in uppercase (ά
/Α
), except for the disjunctive eta (ή
/Ή
). Also, diphthongs with an accent on the first vowel lose the accent and gain a diaeresis on the second vowel (άι
/ΑΪ
). - In Greek (
el
), the lowercase sigma character has two forms:σ
andς
.ς
is used only when sigma terminates a word. When applyingtext-transform: lowercase
to an uppercase sigma (Σ
), the browser needs to choose the right lowercase form based on context. - in Irish (
ga
), certain prefixed letters remain in lowercase when the base initial is capitalized, so for exampletext-transform: uppercase
will changear aon tslí
toAR AON tSLÍ
and not, as one might expect,AR AON TSLÍ
(Firefox only). In some cases, a hyphen is also removed upon uppercasing:an t-uisce
transforms toAN tUISCE
(and the hyphen is correctly reinserted bytext-transform: lowercase
).
The language is defined by the lang
HTML attribute or the xml:lang
XML attribute.
Note: Support for language-specific cases varies between browsers, so check the browser compatibility table.
Syntax
/* Keyword values */
text-transform: none;
text-transform: capitalize;
text-transform: uppercase;
text-transform: lowercase;
text-transform: full-width;
text-transform: full-size-kana;
/* Global values */
text-transform: inherit;
text-transform: initial;
text-transform: revert;
text-transform: revert-layer;
text-transform: unset;
capitalize
-
Is a keyword that converts the first letter of each word to uppercase. Other characters remain unchanged (they retain their original case as written in the element's text). A letter is defined as a character that is part of Unicode's Letter or Number general categories; thus, any punctuation marks or symbols at the beginning of a word are ignored.
Note: Authors should not expect
capitalize
to follow language-specific title casing conventions (such as skipping articles in English).Note: The
capitalize
keyword was under-specified in CSS 1 and CSS 2.1. This resulted in differences between browsers in the way the first letter was calculated (Firefox considered-
and_
as letters, but other browsers did not. Both Webkit and Gecko incorrectly considered letter-based symbols likeⓐ
to be real letters.) By precisely defining the correct behavior, CSS Text Level 3 cleans this mess up. Thecapitalize
line in the browser compatibility table contains the version the different engines started to support this now precisely-defined behavior. uppercase
-
Is a keyword that converts all characters to uppercase.
lowercase
-
Is a keyword that converts all characters to lowercase.
none
-
Is a keyword that prevents the case of all characters from being changed.
full-width
-
Is a keyword that forces the writing of a character — mainly ideograms and Latin scripts — inside a square, allowing them to be aligned in the usual East Asian scripts (like Chinese or Japanese).
full-size-kana
-
Generally used for
<ruby>
annotation text, the keyword converts all small Kana characters to the equivalent full-size Kana, to compensate for legibility issues at the small font sizes typically used in ruby.
Accessibility concerns
Large sections of text set with a text-transform
value of uppercase
may be difficult for people with cognitive concerns such as Dyslexia to read.
Formal definition
Initial value | none |
---|---|
Applies to | all elements. It also applies to ::first-letter and ::first-line . |
Inherited | yes |
Computed value | as specified |
Animation type | discrete |
Formal syntax
Examples
Example using "none"
<p>
Initial String
<strong>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…</strong>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: none
<strong
><span
>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…</span
></strong
>
</p>
span {
text-transform: none;
}
strong {
float: right;
}
This demonstrates no text transformation.
Example using "capitalize" (general)
<p>
Initial String
<strong>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…</strong>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: capitalize
<strong
><span
>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…</span
></strong
>
</p>
span {
text-transform: capitalize;
}
strong {
float: right;
}
This demonstrates text capitalization.
Example using "capitalize" (punctuation)
<p>
Initial String
<strong
>(this) "is" [a] –short– -test- «for» *the* _css_ ¿capitalize?
?¡transform!</strong
>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: capitalize
<strong
><span
>(this) "is" [a] –short– -test- «for» *the* _css_ ¿capitalize?
?¡transform!</span
></strong
>
</p>
span {
text-transform: capitalize;
}
strong {
float: right;
}
This demonstrates how initial punctuations of a word are ignored. The keyword target the first letter, that is the first Unicode character part of the Letter or Number general category.
Example using "capitalize" (Symbols)
<p>
Initial String
<strong>ⓐⓑⓒ (ⓓⓔⓕ) —ⓖⓗⓘ— ⓙkl</strong>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: capitalize
<strong><span>ⓐⓑⓒ (ⓓⓔⓕ) —ⓖⓗⓘ— ⓙkl</span></strong>
</p>
span {
text-transform: capitalize;
}
strong {
float: right;
}
This demonstrates how initial symbols are ignored. The keyword target the first letter, that is the first Unicode character part of the Letter or Number general category.
Example using "capitalize" (Dutch ij digraph)
<p>
Initial String
<strong lang="nl">The Dutch word: "ijsland" starts with a digraph.</strong>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: capitalize
<strong
><span lang="nl"
>The Dutch word: "ijsland" starts with a digraph.</span
></strong
>
</p>
span {
text-transform: capitalize;
}
strong {
float: right;
}
This demonstrates how the Dutch ij digraph must be handled like one single letter.
Example using "uppercase" (general)
<p>
Initial String
<strong>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…</strong>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: uppercase
<strong
><span
>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…</span
></strong
>
</p>
span {
text-transform: uppercase;
}
strong {
float: right;
}
This demonstrates transforming the text to uppercase.
Example using "uppercase" (Greek vowels)
<p>
Initial String
<strong>Θα πάμε στο "Θεϊκό φαΐ" ή στη "Νεράιδα"</strong>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: uppercase
<strong
><span lang="el">Θα πάμε στο "Θεϊκό φαΐ" ή στη "Νεράιδα"</span></strong
>
</p>
span {
text-transform: uppercase;
}
strong {
float: right;
}
This demonstrates how Greek vowels except disjunctive eta should have no accent, and the accent on the first vowel of a vowel pair becomes a diaeresis on the second vowel.
Example using "lowercase" (general)
<p>
Initial String
<strong>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…</strong>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: lowercase
<strong
><span
>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit…</span
></strong
>
</p>
span {
text-transform: lowercase;
}
strong {
float: right;
}
This demonstrates transforming the text to lowercase.
Example using "lowercase" (Greek Σ)
<p>
Initial String
<strong>Σ IS A greek LETTER that appears SEVERAL TIMES IN ΟΔΥΣΣΕΥΣ.</strong>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: lowercase
<strong
><span
>Σ IS A greek LETTER that appears SEVERAL TIMES IN ΟΔΥΣΣΕΥΣ.</span
></strong
>
</p>
span {
text-transform: lowercase;
}
strong {
float: right;
}
This demonstrates how the Greek character sigma (Σ
) is transformed into the regular lowercase sigma (σ
) or the word-final variant (ς
), according the context.
Example using "lowercase" (Lithuanian)
<p>
Initial String
<strong>Ĩ is a Lithuanian LETTER as is J́</strong>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: lowercase
<strong><span lang="lt">Ĩ is a Lithuanian LETTER as is J́</span></strong>
</p>
span {
text-transform: lowercase;
}
strong {
float: right;
}
This demonstrates how the Lithuanian letters Ĩ
and J́
retain their dot when transformed to lowercase.
Example using "full-width" (general)
<p>
Initial String
<strong
>0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&()*+,-./:;<=>?@{|}~</strong
>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: full-width
<strong
><span
>0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&()*+,-./:;<=>?@{|}~</span
></strong
>
</p>
span {
text-transform: full-width;
}
strong {
width: 100%;
float: right;
}
Some characters exist in two formats: normal width and a full-width, with different Unicode code points. The full-width version is used to mix them smoothly with Asian ideographic characters.
Example using "full-width" (Japanese half-width katakana)
<p>
Initial String
<strong>ウェブプログラミングの勉強</strong>
</p>
<p>
text-transform: full-width
<strong><span>ウェブプログラミングの勉強</span></strong>
</p>
span {
text-transform: full-width;
}
strong {
width: 100%;
float: right;
}
The Japanese half-width katakana was used to represent katakana in 8-bit character codes. Unlike regular (full-width) katakana characters, a letter with dakuten (voiced sound mark) is represented as two code points, the body of letter and dakuten. The full-width
combines these into a single code point when converting these characters into full-width.
Example using "full-size-kana"
<p>ァィゥェ ォヵㇰヶ ㇱㇲッㇳ ㇴㇵㇶㇷ ㇸㇹㇺャ ュョㇻㇼ ㇽㇾㇿヮ</p>
<p>ァィゥェ ォヵㇰヶ ㇱㇲッㇳ ㇴㇵㇶㇷ ㇸㇹㇺャ ュョㇻㇼ ㇽㇾㇿヮ</p>
</p>
p:nth-of-type(2) {
text-transform: full-size-kana;
}
Specifications
Specification |
---|
CSS Text Module Level 3 # text-transform |
Browser compatibility
BCD tables only load in the browser